Most industrial production processes require heat for sterilizing, cooking, drying, or melting of intermediates and products. Accordingly, process heating represents more than one third of the total energy consumed by the US manufacturing sector.
Heat is mostly obtained from combustion of fossil fuels, biomass or production by-products. As for any combustion process, full heat recovery from...
A variety of industrial processes involve the handling and processing of highly corrosive fluids. Examples include the production of chemicals or pulp and paper. Depending on process requirements, heat exchangers are used to either heat, cool, evaporate or condense substances such as concentrated acids. These extreme conditions strongly limit the choice of applicable heat transfer materials.
...Despite the shift towards renewables, the vast majority of global energy demand is still met through combustion processes. Their efficiency and resulting primary energy consumption greatly depends on the amount of useful energy and resources such as water that are recovered from flue gas. In order to fully utilize flue gas, heat needs to be extracted below the condensation point of water. As a...
